Abstract
COVID-19 is the current day pandemic that has claimed around 1,054,604 lives globally till date. Moreover, the number of deaths is going to increase over the next few months until the pandemic comes to an end, and a second wave has also been reported in few countries. Most interestingly, the death rate among certain populations from the same COVID-19 infection is highly variable. For instance, the European populations show a very high death rate, in contrast to the populations from Chinese ethnicities. Amongst all the closed cases with an outcome (total recovered + total died), the death rate in Italy is 13%, Iran is 6%, China is 5%, Brazil is 3%, The United States of America is 2%, India 2%, Israel is 1% as of October 08, 2020. However, the percentage was higher during the early phase of the pandemic. Moreover, the global death rate amongst all the patients with an outcome is 4%. Here we have reviewed virus-transmitted various respiratory tract infections and postulated a better understanding of SARS-CoV2 using lung stem cell organoids in vitro. Hence, here we propose the strategies of understanding first the infectivity/severity ratio of COVID-19 infections using various ethnicity originated induced pluripotent stem cell-derived lung stem cell organoids in vitro. The greater the infectivity to severity ratio, the better the disease outcome with the value of 1 being the worst disease outcome. This strategy will be useful for understanding the infectivity/severity ratio of virus induced respiratory tract infections for a possible betterment of community-based disease management. Also, such a strategy will be useful for screening the effect of various antiviral drugs/repurposed drugs for their efficacy in vitro.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Dr. Debprasad Chattopadhyay, Virologist from the Indian Council of Medical Research and Director, National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi, Karnataka, India regarding discussions for understanding various aspects of the SARS-CoV2. Authors deeply thank Dr. Mangesh Suryavanshi, National Post-Doctoral Fellow working in the Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka for his voluntary initiative with the latest literature regarding SARS-CoV2. Dr. Ranajit Das, a population geneticist and Assistant Professor, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University) is also acknowledged for his insights regarding various human ethnic groups and possible difference in infectivity/severity of SARS-CoV2. Finally, the authors thank the stringent COVID-19 lockdown situation which made strong reasons for writing this hypothesis and commentary article. No funding was utilized for preparing this manuscript.
Author’s Contributions
BB conceptualized, designed and wrote the manuscript; designed the figures and approved the manuscript. SK and MN edited the manuscript and made the figures.
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The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest.
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Bose, B., Kapoor, S., Nihad, M. (2020). Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived Human Lung Organoids to Map and Treat the SARS-CoV2 Infections In Vitro. In: Turksen, K. (eds) Cell Biology and Translational Medicine, Volume 11. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology(), vol 1312. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2020_613
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