Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disorder

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Advances in Diabetes Research and Management

  • 603 Accesses

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus especially type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is becoming more common at an alarming rate, resulting in increased disability, morbidity, and premature mortality. Chronic hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, hypercoagulability, vascular calcification, inflammation, obesity, and genetic polymorphism in T2DM individuals can lead to macrovascular diseases development and progression like cardiovascular diseases (CVD). CVD is the primary cause of death among T2DM patients, and T2DM patients are at twofold more risk of developing CVD. This chapter focuses on the major mechanisms involved in cardiovascular complications among T2DM individuals and also discusses the various pharmacological interventions and agents developed to delay cardiovascular events and thereby the quality and duration of the patients.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adeva-Andany, M. M., Martínez-Rodríguez, J., Gonzalez-Lucan, M., et al. (2019). Insulin resistance is a cardiovascular risk factor in humans. Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 13, 1449–1455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, S. V., Bhatt, D. L., Barsness, G. W., et al. (2020). Clinical management of stable coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A scientific statement from the American heart association. Circulation, 141(19), e779–e806.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bornfeldt, K. E., & Tabas, I. (2011). Insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and atherosclerosis. Cell Metabolism, 14(5), 575–585.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, S. C., & Tseng, C. H. (2013). Dyslipidemia, kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease in diabetic patients. Review of Diabetic Studies, 10(2–3), 88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Rosa, S., Arcidiacono, B., Chiefari, E., et al. (2018). Type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease: Genetic and epigenetic links. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 9, 2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Doehner, W., Erdmann, E., Cairns, R., et al. (2012). Inverse relation of body weight and weight change with mortality and morbidity in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular co-morbidity: An analysis of the PROactive study population. International Journal of Cardiology, 162(1), 20–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Domingueti, C. P., Dusse, L. M., Mdas, C., et al. (2016). Diabetes mellitus: The linkage between oxidative stress, inflammation, hypercoagulability and vascular complications. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications, 30(4), 738–745.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eckel, R. H., Bornfeldt, K. E., & Goldberg, I. J. (2021). Cardiovascular disease in diabetes, beyond glucose. Cell Metabolism, 33(8), 1519–1545.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gajos, G. (2018). Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: From new mechanisms to new therapies. Polish Archives of Internal Medicine., 128(3), 178–186.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gast, K. B., Tjeerdema, N., Stijnen, T., et al. (2012). Insulin resistance and risk of incident cardiovascular events in adults without diabetes: Meta-analysis. PLoS One, 7(12), e52036.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Glovaci, D., Fan, W., & Wong, N. D. (2019). Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Current Cardiology Reports, 21(4), 21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guo, J., Erqou, S. A., Miller, R. G., et al. (2019). The role of coronary artery calcification testing in incident coronary artery disease risk prediction in type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia, 62, 259–268.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haas, A. V., & McDonnell, M. E. (2018). Pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in diabetes. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, 47(1), 51–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harper, E., Forde, H., Davenport, C., et al. (2016). Vascular calcification in type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: Integrative roles for OPG, RANKL and TRAIL. Vascular Pharmacology, 82, 30–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hasheminasabgorji, E., & Jha, J. C. (2021). Dyslipidemia, diabetes and atherosclerosis: Role of inflammation and ROS-redox-sensitive factors. Biomedicine, 9, 1602.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • IDF Diabetes Atlas. (2019). IDF Diabetes Atlas (9th ed.). International Diabetes Federation.

    Google Scholar 

  • IDF Diabetes Atlas. (2021). IDF Diabetes Atlas (10th ed.). International Diabetes Federation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jialal, I., & Singh, G. (2019). Management of diabetic dyslipidemia: An update. World Journal of Diabetes, 10(5), 280–290.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kannel, W. B., & McGee, D. L. (1979). Diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The Framingham study. JAMA, 241(19), 2035–2038.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaur, S., Bhatti, G. K., Vijayvergiya, R., et al. (2018). Paraoxonase 1 gene polymorphisms (Q192R and L55M) are associated with coronary artery disease susceptibility in Asian Indians. Dubai Diabetes and Endocrinology Journal, 24(1–4), 38–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kayama, Y., Raaz, U., Jagger, A., et al. (2015). Diabetic cardiovascular disease induced by oxidative stress. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 16, 25234–25263.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kolb, H., Kempf, K., Röhling, M., et al. (2020). Insulin: Too much of a good thing is bad. BMC Medicine, 18(1), 224.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Król, M., & Kepinska, M. (2020). Human nitric oxide synthase-its functions, polymorphisms, and inhibitors in the context of inflammation, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(1), 56.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mach, F., Baigent, C., Catapano, A. L., et al. (2020). ESC scientific document group. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the Management of dyslipidemias: Lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. European Heart Journal., 41, 111–188.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mapanga, R. F., & Essop, M. F. (2016). Damaging effects of hyperglycemia on cardiovascular function: Spotlight on glucose metabolic pathways. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 310, H153–H173.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Navarro-Pérez, J., Orozco-Beltran, D., Gil-Guillen, V., et al. (2018). Mortality and cardiovascular disease burden of uncontrolled diabetes in a registry-based cohort: The ESCARVAL-risk study. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 18, 180.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls, S. J., Tuzcu, E. M., Kalidindi, S., et al. (2008). Effect of diabetes on progression of coronary atherosclerosis and arterial remodeling: A pooled analysis of 5 intravascular ultrasound trials. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 52, 255–262.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ormazabal, V., Nair, S., Elfeky, O., et al. (2018). Association between insulin resistance and the development of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular Diabetology, 17, 122.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pagidipati, N. J., Zheng, Y., Green, J. B., et al. (2020). Association of obesity with cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: Insights from TECOS. Am. Heart, J.219, 47–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paneni, F., Beckman, J. A., Creager, M. A., et al. (2013). Diabetes and vascular disease: Pathophysiology, clinical consequences, and medical therapy: Part I. European Heart Journal, 34(31), 2436–2443.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Patoulias, D., Stavropoulos, K., Imprialos, K., et al. (2020). Pharmacological management of cardiac disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: Insights into clinical practice. Current Vascular Pharmacology, 18, 125–138.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pérez-Hernández, N., Vargas-Alarcón, G., Posadas-Sánchez, R., et al. (2016). PHACTR1 gene polymorphism is associated with increased risk of developing premature coronary artery disease in Mexican population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(8), 803.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Petrie, J. R., Guzik, T. J., & Touyz, R. M. (2018). Diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease: Clinical insights and vascular mechanisms. The Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 34, 575–584.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Piché, M.-E., Tchernof, A., & Després, J.-P. (2020). Obesity phenotypes, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Circulation Research, 126(11), 1477–1500.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poznyak, A., Grechko, A. V., Poggio, P., et al. (2020). The diabetes mellitus–atherosclerosis connection: The role of lipid and glucose metabolism and chronic inflammation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(5), 1835.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pretorius, L., Thomson, G. J. A., Adams, R. C. M., et al. (2018). Platelet activity and hypercoagulation in type 2 diabetes. Cardiovascular Diabetology, 17, 141.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rao Kondapally Seshasai, S., Kaptoge, S., Thompson, A., et al. (2011). Diabetes mellitus, fasting glucose, and risk of cause-specific death. The New England Journal of Medicine, 364(9), 829–841.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rattanatham, R., Settasatian, N., Komanasin, N., et al. (2021). Association of combined TCF7L2 and KCNQ1 gene polymorphisms with diabetic micro- and macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes and Metabolism Journal, 45(4), 578–593.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rawshani, A., Rawshani, A., Franzen, S., et al. (2018). Risk factors, mortality, and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. The New England Journal of Medicine, 379, 633–644.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Regassa, L. D., Tola, A., & Yohanes, A. (2021). Prevalence of cardiovascular disease and associated factors among type 2 diabetes patients in selected hospitals of Harari region, Eastern Ethiopia. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 532719.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Robson, R., Kundur, A. R., & Singh, I. (2018). Oxidative stress biomarkers in type 2 diabetes mellitus for assessment of cardiovascular disease risk. Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 12, 455–462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roumeliotis, S., Dounousi, E., Eleftheriadis, T., et al. (2019). Association of the inactive circulating matrix Gla protein with vitamin K intake, calcification, mortality, and cardiovascular disease: A review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(3), 628.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Samanta, S. (2021). Glycated hemoglobin and subsequent risk of microvascular and macrovascular complications. Indian Journal of Medical Sciences, 83(2), 230–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarwar, N., Gao, P., Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, et al. (2010). Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: A collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies. Lancet, 375(9733), 2215–2222.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, A. M. (2019). Diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease: Emerging therapeutic approaches. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 39(4), 558–568.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz, P. E. H., Timpel, P., Harst, L., et al. (2018). Blood sugar regulation as a key focus for cardiovascular health promotion and prevention: An umbrella review. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 72(15), 1829–1844.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, A., Mittal, S., Aggarwal, R., et al. (2020). Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: Inter-relation of risk factors and treatment. Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6(1), 130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sobha, S. P., & Ebenezar, K. (2022). Susceptibility of glutathione-S-transferase polymorphism to CVD development in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A review. Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders Drug Targets, 22(2), 225–234.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stahel, P., Xiao, C., Hegele, R. A., et al. (2018). The Atherogenic dyslipidemia complex and novel approaches to cardiovascular disease prevention in diabetes. The Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 34(5), 595–604.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stamler, J., Vaccaro, O., Neaton, J. D., et al. (1993). Diabetes, other risk factors, and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the multiple risk factor intervention trial. Diabetes Care, 16(2), 434–444.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strain, W. D., & Paldánius, P. M. (2018). Diabetes, cardiovascular disease and the microcirculation. Cardiovascular Diabetology, 17(1), 57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sunkara, N., & Ahsan, C. H. (2017). Hypertension in diabetes and the risk of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular Endocrinology, 6(1), 33–38.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, W. H. W., McGee, P., Lachin, J. M., et al. (2018). Oxidative stress and cardiovascular risk in type 1 diabetes mellitus: Insights from the DCCT/EDIC study. Journal of the American Heart Association, 7, e008368.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Verges, B. (2015). Pathophysiology of diabetic dyslipidemia: Where are we? Diabetologia, 58, 886–899.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, C. C. L., Hess, C. N., Hiatt, W. R., et al. (2016). Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and heart failure in type 2 diabetes–mechanisms, management, and clinical considerations. Circulation, 133(24), 2459–2502.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y.-T., Li, Y., Ma, Y.-T., et al. (2018). Association between apolipoprotein B genetic polymorphism and the risk of calcific aortic stenosis in Chinese subjects, in Xinjiang, China. Lipids in Health and Disease, 17(1).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, J., Chen, Y., Xu, W., et al. (2019). Effects of intensive blood pressure lowering on mortality and cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetic patients: A meta-analysis. PLoS One, 14(4), e0215362.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yamagishi, S., & Matsui, T. (2018). Role of hyperglycemia-induced advanced glycation end product (AGE) accumulation in atherosclerosis. Annals of Vascular Diseases, 11(3), 253–258.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, Y., Qiu, W., Meng, Q., et al. (2021). GRB10 rs 1800504 polymorphism is associated with the risk of coronary heart disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 8, 728976.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, Y., Peng, N., Chen, G., et al. (2022). Interaction between smoking and diabetes in relation to subsequent risk of cardiovascular events. Cardiovascular Diabetology, 21, 14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yen, F. S., Wei, J. C. C., Chiu, L. T., et al. (2022). Diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease development. Journal of Translational Medicine, 20, 9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yun, J. S., & Ko, S. H. (2021). Current trends in epidemiology of cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular risk management in type 2 diabetes. Metabolism, Clinical and Experimental, 123, 154838.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Natural Medicine and Molecular Physiology Lab, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research & Education, Kelambakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

    S. Santhi Priya & K. Kumar Ebenezar

Authors
  1. S. Santhi Priya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. K. Kumar Ebenezar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Dentistry Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India

    Rana Noor

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Santhi Priya, S., Kumar Ebenezar, K. (2023). Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disorder. In: Noor, R. (eds) Advances in Diabetes Research and Management. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0027-3_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation